WASHINGTON — President Donald Trump unleashed the first salvo of his tariff war, with general levies of 25% on Canada and Mexico and 10% on China — the start of a wave of promised trade barrages against foreign allies and adversaries alike.

Trump signed orders for the tariffs on Saturday, according to White House officials who briefed reporters on condition of anonymity. The tariffs take effect at 12:01 am on Tuesday, and it’s unclear if that offers a last-chance window for a deal. They apply to a wide range of goods from three of the biggest U.S. trading partners.

The orders also include retaliation clauses that would increase U.S. tariffs if the countries respond in kind, as Canada has pledged to do. The new measures will be on top of existing trade levies on those countries.

Trump’s tariffs deliver on a threat to punish the three countries for what he says is a failure to prevent the flow of undocumented migrants and illegal drugs, though he had also teased the possibility of a reprieve if Mexico and Canada took steps to address his concerns.

Energy imports from Canada, including oil and electricity, will be spared from the full 25% levy and will face a 10% tariff. The White House officials said that was intended to minimize upward pressure on gasoline and home-heating oil prices.

The move is explosive in scale and goes well beyond Trump’s first-term tariffs. They all but abandon the trade deal he negotiated with Canada and Mexico in his first term and will raise the cost of key goods, like food, housing and gasoline for Americans, while the overall fallout threatens to spill widely across the countries, which are the largest three sources of U.S. imports, accounting for almost half of total volume.

Trump campaigned on a platform of extensive tariffs and he followed through, though dialing back his planned measures on China while increasing it on his neighbors. Most mainstream economists and many business groups warn that trade levies will disrupt supply chains, raise prices for consumers already wary of inflation and reduce global trade flows.

Sweeping measures

The order on Saturday revoked the so-called de minimis exemption for small parcels and packages from Canada, one official said, which will apply tariffs more widely to small shipments and impact e-commerce and online retailing. The U.S. loses a tremendous amount of tariff revenue by using the exemption, according to an official.

The measures Trump is taking will have particularly stark implications for the auto and energy sectors.

Auto interests warned that because of the tight integration of U.S. and Canadian manufacturing, the tariffs could have steep impacts on the industry.

“The imposition of tariffs will be detrimental to American jobs, investment and consumers,” Jennifer Safavian, the president of Autos Drive America, said in an emailed statement. “US automakers would be better served by policies that reduce barriers for manufacturers, ease regulations that hinder production and create greater export opportunities.”

Under an energy emergency Trump declared his first day in office, affected products given that lower 10% tariff also include refined gasoline and diesel, uranium, coal, biofuels and critical minerals.

Parts of the U.S., including the Pacific Northwest and Northeast, are deeply reliant on electricity or gas flows from Canada. And oil industry advocates have warned against even a 10% increase in the cost of crude inputs into Midwestern refineries that have few near-term options to substitute with U.S. supplies.

The Mexican economy could enter a “severe recession” if Trump’s tariffs remain in place for more than a quarter, according to Gabriela Siller, director of economic analysis at Grupo Financiero Base. “If the tariffs last several months, the Mexican peso depreciation could reach record highs.” Also, U.S. tariffs could freeze new foreign direct investment in Mexico, she added.

Republican support has been muted at best — but so has the opposition. The party’s free-trade wing has all but bowed to Trump’s penchant for tariffs. Outliers like Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., have signaled concern, as has Sen. Susan Collins, R-Maine, a key moderate. But, amid scant blowback from his party, Trump has barreled ahead.

The move represents yet another instance where Trump is testing the bounds of his emergency authorities under federal law — already a hallmark of his second term in the White House.

Trump’s tariff orders Saturday invoke the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and expand an earlier declaration rooted in the National Emergencies Act to address what he calls a “threat to the safety and security of Americans, including the public health crisis of deaths due to the use of fentanyl.”

Markets have been gripped by uncertainty as they awaited Trump’s decision on the tariffs and there are looming questions about how the levies will impact stocks.

In the 10 days since Trump’s initial tariff threat on his first full day in office, the S&P 500 Index was essentially flat while equity benchmarks in Europe, Canada and Mexico were all higher. The Nasdaq Golden Dragon Index — comprised of companies that do business in China but trade in the U.S. — jumped more than 4%.

Automakers such as General Motors Co., Ford Motor Co. and Stellantis NV, which have global supply chains and massive exposure to Mexico and Canada, could see significant swings.

Officials on the call Saturday justified the tariffs by citing the flow of fentanyl and other illegal drugs across the border, as well as illegal immigration.

“Lashing out at key allies like Canada is not the way forward,” David McCall, president of the powerful United Steelworkers union, said in a statement. “Our union calls on President Trump to reverse course on Canadian tariffs.”

Retaliatory steps

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is expected to speak on the tariffs later Saturday.

The Trump administration has regularly warned Canada that any retaliatory tariffs would lead the U.S. to escalate its own measures, according to an official familiar with the matter — raising the prospect of a spiraling trade war. The retaliation clause in the orders will only fuel that threat.

The order enacting the tariffs on Canada creates a process to remove them. Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem can inform Trump if Canada “has taken adequate steps to alleviate this public health crisis through cooperative enforcement actions,” and the tariffs are removed if he agrees. It’s not clear how realistic a prospect that is; Canada already took steps to tighten its border to appease Trump, and it did not deter him.

Canada is set to impose retaliatory countertariffs, the nation’s natural resources minister said in an interview on Friday.

“We will focus on tariffing American goods that actually are sold in significant quantities in Canada, and especially those for which there are readily available alternatives for Canadians,” Jonathan Wilkinson said.

Former Canadian Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland, a candidate to succeed Trudeau as prime minister, suggested hitting Trump ally Elon Musk directly by applying a 100% tariff on Tesla Inc. electric vehicles.

Dennis Darby, president & CEO of the Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters group said Saturday that about half of its members have considered reducing investment in Canada or stopping new investment and reducing hiring.

A large proportion have accelerated shipments into the U.S. If tariffs are implemented, about half of manufacturers said they would stop new hiring. Most companies will not only reconsider new investment, but about 40% would look at shifting production to the U.S. if they could.

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(With assistance from Thomas Seal, Brian Platt and Alex Vasquez.)

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