ORLANDO, Fla. — In the wild, Florida’s manatees already face threats from cold stress, habitat loss, boat strikes and other human activities.

Now advocates worry about the potential peril that manatees may encounter from the Trump administration’s proposed changes to federal implementation of the Endangered Species Act. Environmentalists say the proposed rollbacks could threaten the lives of sea cows through further habitat degradation, pollution and the adverse effects of development.

“I’ve spent 50-some years trying to get [manatees] to a place where they’re going to be around and they’re going to be a part of a healthy, sustainable ecosystem,” said Pat Rose, executive director of Save the Manatee Club. “If these changes occur, it’s going to be a huge battle going forward.”

The Trump administration says the modifications — which would change how agencies manage species and habitat under the act, not the act itself — are aimed at curbing “regulatory overreach.”

One of the proposed revisions includes rescinding the “blanket rule” that affords animals and plants listed as threatened, such as the Florida manatee, the same strict protections automatically given to the more critically at-risk animals and plants on the Endangered Species List. Instead, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service would be tasked with making species-specific rules, a process that could be time and labor-intensive.

Another change will allow “consideration of economic impacts” when deciding whether to include an area as protected ‘critical habitat’ for a species, allowing for cost-benefit studies rather than solely focusing on science.

Earlier this year, FWS also proposed a rule change that would revise the definition of “harm” under the Endangered Species Act, in effect allowing modification or degradation of endangered species’ habitats that have historically been protected under the law.

“When you deregulate or when you chip away at the framework of this bedrock conservation law by undermining it piece by piece, trying to pull out critical pieces that make it successful, it puts species and their habitats back at risk,” said Katherine Sayler, southeast representative with Defenders of Wildlife.

Florida manatees were first protected by Florida state law in 1893, but federal legislation — the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973 — established the bedrock conservation laws that protect manatees to this day, which also includes protection of their habitat.

The Endangered Species Act has prevented the extinction of roughly 291 species since 1973 and has saved more than 99% of listed species under its protection, according to a 2019 study.

These safeguards helped Florida manatees to rebound from an estimated 1,267 manatees in 1991 to an estimated 8,350 to 11,730 manatees in the state based on 2021-2022 surveys.

Though the gentle giants have recovered substantially in recent decades, the environmental group Defenders of Wildlife says the proposed changes could diminish the gains of the Florida manatee and push them further towards endangered status.

From December 2020 to April 2022, manatees in the Indian River Lagoon experienced an “Unusual Mortality Event” (UME) due to a lack of forage. An overabundance of phosphorus and nitrogen in the estuary — the result of leaking septic tanks, wastewater spills, stormwater runoff and over-fertilization of lawns — caused algae blooms that choked out the natural seagrass that manatees rely upon to survive. The UME was tied to the death of more than 1,200 manatees.

To date in 2025, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission has counted nearly 600 manatee deaths, including 91 caused by watercraft and 130 perinatal deaths of manatee calves less than 5 feet in length.

The fear among manatee advocates is that rolling back habitat protections could exacerbate the habitat loss that has dramatically accelerated in recent years.

Another proposed change would introduce a two-step process for designating critical habitat that favors currently occupied areas while creating a higher standard for designating unoccupied but potentially significant habitat. Yet another would weaken the requirements for interagency cooperation and consultations, opening the door for federal agencies to approve resource extraction and development projects without assessing future impact to threatened and endangered species or their habitats, according to Defenders of Wildlife.

“Projects may go forward without the level of attention to, ‘What are the effects on species’ habitats going to be?’ What you don’t measure, you can’t mitigate,” said Jane Davenport, senior attorney for Defenders of Wildlife. “It’s just putting the blinders on to one of the five major drivers of extinction, which is habitat loss.”

The U.S. Department of the Interior said the changes are aimed at advancing “American energy independence” and improving “regulatory predictability,” according to a news release.

“These revisions end years of legal confusion and regulatory overreach, delivering certainty to states, tribes, landowners and businesses while ensuring conservation efforts remain grounded in sound science and common sense,” said Secretary of the Interior Doug Burgum in the release.

Critics argue that the changes will favor industry interests and profit over actual species conservation goals.

“The question is, ‘Who benefits?’ Certainly not the species,” Davenport said. “That deregulatory agenda certainly favors the few over the many.”

Sayler said that manatees can help indicate what’s happening with Florida’s broader environment.

“They’re an umbrella species and a sentinel species. When manatees are doing well, so many other marine species benefit,” she said. “They also tell us when things are not quite right with an estuary, a watershed or a system.”

There’s also more than sea cows at stake. When manatees benefit, so do economic, fishing and tourism interests. When the ecosystem suffers, so can humans.

“I think in Washington some have lost sight of the fact that we’re dependent on a healthy ecosystem,” said Elizabeth Fleming, senior Florida representative with Defenders of Wildlife. “We can’t thrive if we’re breathing polluted air, eating polluted food and drinking polluted water.”

A public comment period is currently open through Dec. 22 for the public to weigh in on the proposed changes to the Endangered Species Act. Comments can be made by visiting federalregister.gov/agencies/fish-and-wildlife-service.

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